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Absolute BSD: The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD 13
Are you looking for a powerful, secure, and flexible operating system that can handle any task you throw at it? Do you want to learn how to use one of the most popular and respected open-source projects in the world? If so, then you are in the right place. In this article, you will learn everything you need to know about FreeBSD 13, the latest release of the legendary BSD operating system. You will discover what FreeBSD is, why you should use it, how to install it, and how to use it. By the end of this article, you will be ready to unleash the full potential of FreeBSD on your computer.
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What is FreeBSD?
FreeBSD is a free and open-source operating system that is derived from the original Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system that was developed at the University of California, Berkeley in the 1970s. BSD was one of the first operating systems to incorporate advanced features such as virtual memory, networking, file systems, security, and user interfaces. BSD also spawned many variants and descendants, such as NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD, macOS, iOS, Solaris, Linux, Android, and Windows.
FreeBSD is one of the oldest and most successful BSD variants. It was first released in 1993 as a fork of 386BSD, another BSD derivative. Since then, FreeBSD has been continuously developed by a large community of volunteers who contribute code, documentation, testing, bug reports, feedback, donations, and support. FreeBSD aims to provide a stable, secure, high-performance, flexible, and user-friendly operating system that can run on a wide range of hardware platforms, from embedded devices to servers.
FreeBSD 13 is the latest version of FreeBSD that was released on April 13th, 2021. It introduces many new features and improvements over previous versions. Some of these include:
A new ARM64 architecture tier with support for more than 80 different devices
A new Wi-Fi driver stack with improved performance and compatibility
A new ZFS RAID-Z expansion feature that allows adding disks to an existing RAID-Z pool
A new OpenZFS 2.0 file system with many enhancements and bug fixes
A new NUMA domain allocator that improves memory allocation on multi-socket systems
A new TCP/IP stack with better congestion control and scalability
A new UEFI boot loader with support for secure boot and graphical menus
A new pkgbase feature that allows installing and updating the base system using the pkg tool
Many updates to the base system software, such as OpenSSL, OpenSSH, Clang, LLVM, Python, Perl, and more
Why use FreeBSD?
FreeBSD is a great operating system for many reasons. Here are some of the benefits and advantages of using FreeBSD over other operating systems:
Performance and stability
FreeBSD is known for its fast and reliable performance for various applications. FreeBSD can handle high workloads and heavy traffic without slowing down or crashing. FreeBSD also has a reputation for being stable and robust, meaning that it rarely encounters errors or bugs that affect its functionality. FreeBSD is designed to run 24/7 without requiring frequent reboots or maintenance. FreeBSD is also optimized for different hardware architectures and platforms, ensuring that it can run smoothly on any device.
Security and privacy
FreeBSD is one of the most secure operating systems in the world. FreeBSD has a strong focus on security and privacy, incorporating many features and mechanisms that protect your data and system from threats and vulnerabilities. FreeBSD has a built-in firewall, encryption, authentication, access control, auditing, sandboxing, hardening, and more. FreeBSD also has a dedicated security team that monitors and fixes any security issues that are reported or discovered. FreeBSD also respects your privacy and does not collect or share any personal or usage information without your consent.
Flexibility and customization
FreeBSD is one of the most flexible and customizable operating systems in the world. FreeBSD allows you to tailor your system to your needs and preferences. You can choose what components to install or remove from your system, what settings to configure or tweak, what software to use or avoid, what themes or layouts to apply or change, and more. You can also create your own custom versions of FreeBSD using tools such as Poudriere or NanoBSD. FreeBSD gives you full control over your system and lets you make it your own.
Community and support
FreeBSD has a vibrant and helpful community of developers and users who are passionate about the project and its goals. You can join the community by participating in mailing lists, forums, chat rooms, social media, events, conferences, hackathons, user groups, and more. You can also contribute to the project by submitting code, documentation, testing, bug reports, feedback, donations, and support. You can also get help from the community by asking questions, seeking advice, requesting features, reporting problems, and more. The community is friendly, welcoming, and supportive of anyone who wants to learn or use FreeBSD.
How to install FreeBSD?
If you are convinced by the benefits of FreeBSD and want to try it out on your computer, you will need to follow these steps to install it:
Requirements and preparation
Before you install FreeBSD, you will need to make sure that your computer meets the minimum requirements for running FreeBSD. These are:
A 64-bit processor (x86_64 or ARM64) with at least 1 GB of RAM
A disk drive with at least 4 GB of free space (more if you want to install additional software)
A network connection (optional but recommended)
A monitor and a keyboard (or a serial console)
A CD/DVD drive or a USB port (to boot from the installation media)
You will also need to prepare your system for installation by backing up any important data that you have on your disk drive. You will also need to disable any secure boot or fast boot options in your BIOS settings if you have them enabled.
Downloading and verifying FreeBSD
The next step is to download the FreeBSD ISO image that corresponds to your hardware architecture (x86_64 or ARM64) from the official website: https://www.freebsd.org/where.html. You can choose between different types of images depending on your preferences:
The DVD image contains the full installation program with all the options and packages available.
The memstick image contains a minimal installation program that can be written to a USB flash drive.
flash drive.
After downloading the ISO image, you will need to verify its integrity by checking its checksum and signature. You can find the checksum and signature files on the same website where you downloaded the ISO image. You can use tools such as sha256sum and gpg to verify the checksum and signature respectively. This will ensure that the ISO image is not corrupted or tampered with.
Booting and partitioning
Once you have verified the ISO image, you will need to write it to a CD/DVD or a USB flash drive using tools such as dd or Rufus. Then, you will need to insert the CD/DVD or the USB flash drive into your computer and boot from it. You may need to change the boot order in your BIOS settings to do so.
After booting from the installation media, you will see a menu with several options. You can choose to start the installation program, boot into a live system, or access some utilities. You can also change some settings such as the keyboard layout, the video mode, or the console options. To start the installation program, select Install FreeBSD and press Enter.
The installation program will guide you through several steps to install FreeBSD on your disk drive. The first step is to choose a hostname for your system. You can enter any name that you like or leave it as the default. The next step is to choose a distribution that you want to install. You can choose between different sets of packages that are grouped by categories such as base, kernel, lib32, ports, src, tests, and doc. You can select or deselect any package set by pressing Space. You can also choose to install all packages by selecting All.
The next step is to partition your disk drive. You can choose between different partitioning schemes that are suitable for different scenarios. You can choose between UFS (Unix File System), ZFS (Zettabyte File System), MBR (Master Boot Record), GPT (GUID Partition Table), or Custom. UFS and ZFS are two file systems that have different features and advantages. MBR and GPT are two partitioning schemes that have different compatibility and limitations. Custom allows you to create your own partitions manually.
If you are not sure which partitioning scheme to choose, you can go with the default option of UFS with GPT. This will create a simple partition layout with a boot partition, a swap partition, and a root partition. You can also modify the size and type of each partition by selecting them and pressing Enter. You can also create additional partitions if you want to separate your home directory or other data from your root partition.
After choosing your partitioning scheme and creating your partitions, you will need to confirm your changes by selecting Finish and Commit.
Configuring and installing
The next step is to configure your system settings and install FreeBSD on your disk drive. You will see a list of options that you can configure or skip by pressing Enter. These options include:
Network configuration: You can configure your network interface, hostname, DNS servers, IPv4 and IPv6 settings, etc.
System configuration: You can configure your time zone, root password, services, etc.
User configuration: You can create additional user accounts with different privileges and settings.
Shell configuration: You can choose which shell you want to use as your default shell.
Hardening configuration: You can enable some security features such as securelevel, hideproc, auditd, etc.
Package configuration: You can install some additional software packages from the online repository using the pkg tool.
After configuring your system settings and installing FreeBSD on your disk drive, you will see a message that says "Congratulations! You have successfully installed FreeBSD!". You can then exit the installation program by selecting Exit and reboot your computer by selecting Reboot.
How to use FreeBSD?
After rebooting your computer, you will see a login prompt where you can enter your username and password. If you created additional user accounts during the installation process, you can use them to log in. Otherwise, you can use the root account with the password that you set during the installation process.
Once you log in, you will see a shell prompt where you can enter commands to interact with your system. The shell is a program that interprets your commands and executes them. There are different types of shells that have different features and syntax. The default shell in FreeBSD is tcsh, but you can change it to another shell such as bash, zsh, or fish if you prefer.
Here are some of the basic features and commands of the shell that you can use to use FreeBSD:
Logging in and out
To log in to your system, you need to enter your username and password at the login prompt. To log out of your system, you need to enter the command exit or logout at the shell prompt. You can also switch to another user account by entering the command su followed by the username of the account that you want to switch to. You will need to enter the password of that account to switch to it.
Updating and upgrading
To update your system packages and upgrade your FreeBSD version, you need to use the freebsd-update and pkg tools. The freebsd-update tool allows you to update your base system files and kernel from the official FreeBSD servers. The pkg tool allows you to update your software packages from the online repository. To use these tools, you need to enter the following commands at the shell prompt:
freebsd-update fetch freebsd-update install pkg update pkg upgrade
You may need to reboot your system after updating or upgrading it.
Managing files and directories
To create, move, copy, delete, and search files and directories, you need to use some basic commands such as ls, cd, mkdir, rmdir, cp, mv, rm, find, grep, etc. These commands allow you to manipulate files and directories on your disk drive. Here are some examples of how to use these commands:
ls - list the contents of a directory cd - change the current directory mkdir - create a new directory rmdir - remove an empty directory cp - copy a file or a directory mv - move or rename a file or a directory rm - remove a file or a directory find - search for files or directories that match certain criteria grep - search for a pattern in a file or an input
You can also use some options and arguments with these commands to modify their behavior. For example, you can use the -r option with cp, mv, or rm to perform a recursive operation on all subdirectories and files. You can also use wildcards such as * or ? to match multiple files or directories with a certain pattern. You can also use pipes () and redirections (>, >>,
Installing and removing software
To install and remove software packages on your system, you need to use the pkg tool. The pkg tool allows you to manage software packages from the online repository or from local files. You can use the pkg tool to search for, install, remove, update, upgrade, info, query, audit, etc. software packages on your system. To use the pkg tool, you need to enter the following commands at the shell prompt:
pkg search - search for a package by name or description pkg install - install a package by name or file pkg remove - remove a package by name pkg update - update the package database from the repository pkg upgrade - upgrade all installed packages to their latest versions pkg info - display information about a package pkg query - display information about packages using a custom format pkg audit - check for known vulnerabilities in installed packages
You can also use some options and arguments with these commands to modify their behavior. For example, you can use the -y option with install, remove, or upgrade to automatically answer yes to any prompts. You can also use wildcards such as * or ? to match multiple packages with a certain pattern. For more information on how to use these commands and their options and arguments, you can use the man command followed by pkg.
Conclusion
In this article, you have learned everything you need to know about FreeBSD 13, the latest release of the legendary BSD operating system. You have discovered what FreeBSD is, why you should use it, how to install it, and how to use it. You have also learned some basic features and commands of FreeBSD that will help you get started with using it.
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions about FreeBSD with answers:
Q: How can I access the graphical user interface (GUI) of FreeBSD?
A: FreeBSD does not come with a GUI by default, but you can install one using the pkg tool. You can choose from various desktop environments such as GNOME, KDE, Xfce, LXDE, etc. or window managers such as i3, Openbox, Fluxbox, etc. You will also need to install a display server such as Xorg or Wayland and a display manager such as GDM, SDDM, LightDM, etc. to start the GUI.
Q: How can I access the online documentation of FreeBSD?
A: FreeBSD has a comprehensive and up-to-date online documentation that covers various topics such as installation, configuration, administration, security, development, etc. You can access the online documentation at https://docs.freebsd.org/ or by using the man or info commands on your system.
Q: How can I access the source code of FreeBSD?
A: FreeBSD is an open-source project that publishes its source code under the BSD license. You can access the source code at https://cgit.freebsd.org/src/ or by using the svn or git commands on your system. You can also browse the source code online using tools such as FreshPorts or GitHub.
Q: How can I report a bug or request a feature in FreeBSD?
A: FreeBSD has a bug tracking system that allows you to report bugs or request features in FreeBSD. You can access the bug tracking system at https://bugs.freebsd.org/ or by using the send-pr command on your system. You will need to create an account and follow the guidelines to submit a bug report or a feature request.
Q: How can I get help or support for FreeBSD?
A: FreeBSD has a large and helpful community of developers and users who are willing to help you with any issues or questions that you have about FreeBSD. You can get help or support from the community by joining mailing lists, forums, chat rooms, social media, events, conferences, hackathons, user groups, etc. You can find more information about how to get help or support at https://www.freebsd.org/community/.
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